Africa’s critical minerals—including cobalt, platinum group metals, lithium, graphite, and rare earth elements—are essential for semiconductor production, electric vehicles, data centers, and advanced electronics. As semiconductor manufacturing consolidates in strategic networks across the United States, Taiwan, and Japan, African countries face a policy crossroads: align with Western supply chain standards, deepen engagement with China, or pursue multi-vector strategies. Regional initiatives like AfCFTA and national beneficiation policies offer pathways to capture greater value, strengthen industrial sovereignty, and redefine Africa’s role in the global technology economy.